nominative		genitive		poss. thing		dative		accusative
naanu	naavu	nanna	namma	nandu	namdu	nanage	namage	nannannu	nammannu
niinu	niivu	ninna	nimma	nindu	nimdu	ninage	nimage	ninnannu	nimmannu
avanu	avaru	avana	avara	avardu	avardu	avanige	avarige	avanannu	avarannu
avaḷu		avaḷa		avardu		avaḷige		avaḷannu
adu	avu	adara	avugaḷa	avadu	avadu	adakke	avakke	adannu	avannu

	where	how	how much	when	who	whose	which one	which one's
prox	illi	hiige	iṣṭu	iiga	ivaru	ivara	idu	idara
remote	alli	haage	aṣṭu	aaga	avaru	avara	adu	adara
interr	elli	heege	eṣṭu	yaavaga	yaaru	yaara	yaavdu	yaavdara

	who all	which all ones	for what	than whom	than what
prox	ivrella	ivella	idakke	ivariginta	idakkinta
remote	avrella	avella	adakke	avariginta	adakkinta
interr	yaarella	yaavdella	yaavdakke	yaariginta	yaavdakkinta

which	what	why
yaava	eenu	yaake/eeke

conjunctions

mattu	"and"	«noun» mattu «noun» ⇒ «noun»
-uu	"and"	"huḍuganuu huḍugiyuu"
aadre	"but"	"haudu, aadre adu nandalla."
saha	"also"	"avanu saha avaḷa jote hoodanu." "he also her together went."
kuuḍa	"too"	"avanu kuuḍa hoodanu." "he too went."
beere	"other"	"beere yaarella kuuḍa hoogtaare?"

general suffixes

-aa	as interrogative	"idu pustakanaa?" "idu nandaa?"
-alla	not	"idu nandalla."
-alvaa	"is it not?"	"idu pustaka alvaa?" "idu nandalvaa?"
-ee	"yes it is"	"haudu, idu pustakanee." "haudu, idu nindee."

noun suffixes

-gaḷu	pluralize nonhuman nouns	pustaka ⇒ pustakagaḷu
-ru	pluralize human nouns	huḍugi ⇒ huḍgiiru
-vaada	adj-ize nouns	"ivaru sundaravaada hudgiiru."
-ella	"all of them"	"ivella hoṣa pustakagaḷu."
-inta	"compared to" with dative	"nanna mane avara maneginta doḍḍadu." ↳ "my house his house-compared-to big-one." ↳ "my house is bigger than his." "nanna mane ellarginta doḍḍadu." ↳ "my house is bigger than all others."

adjective suffixes

-du	nounize adjectives	"ii pustaka nandu." "nandu yaavdu?"
-vu	plural nounize adj	"ii pustakagaḷu nannavu."
-avru	personalize adjectives	"gajaanana etteravaadavru."

verb suffixes

-beeku	want to	"naavu manege hoogbeeku." "we want to go home."
-beekittu	wanted to	"niinu haalu kuḍibeekittu." "you wanted to drink milk."
-beekaagide	need to	"avanu manege barbeekaagide." ↳ "he needs to come home."
-beekaagittu	needed to	"avaḷu nenne hoogbeekaagittu." ↳ "she needed to go, yesterday."
pre-suffix -lee	emphasis	"niinu kaigaḷannu toḷileebeeku." ↳ "I really want you to wash (your) hands."
"ninage hoogbeekaa?" "do you want to go?" "nanage niinu barbeeku." "i want you to come." "ninage naanu idannu maaḍabeekaa?" "do you want me to do this?"
-u ⇒ alaa -i ⇒ ilaa	"may i?"	"naanu idannu maaḍalaa?" "may i do this?" "naanu ninnajote naḍilaa." "may i walk with you?" "naanu idannu toḷilaa?" "may i wash this?"
-u ⇒ -aballe -i ⇒ -iyaballe	am able to	"naanu idannu maaḍaballe." "naanu allege naḍiyaballe."
As above, but with -e ⇒ «aagu-past-conj.»	was able to	"naanu idakke baraballaagidde." ↳ "i was able to come here."

-balle "able to"

-balle	-ballevu
-balle	-balliiri
-ballanu	-ballaru
-ballaḷu
-balladu	-ballavu

adjective phrases

aṣṭu ___ [ia]lla	"not so much"	"ii mane aṣṭu doḍḍadalla." "aṣṭu hosdalla."
		"aa haḷḷi aṣṭu hattira illa." ↳ "that village is not so near."

locative: "on" or "in" or "among"

-a or -u ⇒ -alli	hudugru ⇒ hudugralli, naayigaḷu ⇒ naayigaḷalli
-i ⇒ -iili or -iyalli	naayi ⇒ naayiyalli or naayiili
-e ⇒ -eeli or -eyalli	"rasteeli" "maadhavi maneyalli avaḷu."

dative: "for" or "to"

-a ⇒ -akke for nonhuman nouns	pustaka ⇒ pustakakke
-u ⇒ -ige or -ge	kaaru ⇒ kaarige
CVCV -u ⇒ -uvige	guru ⇒ guruvige
everything else ⇒ -ge	naayi ⇒ naayige

genitive: "of"

-a ⇒ -ana for human nouns	aṇṇa ⇒ aṇṇana "adu aṇṇana naayi"
-a ⇒ -ada for nonhuman nouns	pustaka ⇒ pustakada
-u ⇒ -ina	guru ⇒ gurina
-i ⇒ -iya or -ii	naayi ⇒ naayiya or naayii
-e ⇒ -eya or -ee	mane ⇒ maneya or manee

ablative/instrumental: "from" or "done by" or "since «time»"

first, genitive endings, then -a ⇒ -inda

accusative: direct object

-a ⇒ -anannu	"naanu appanannu karede." "i called father."
-ru ⇒ -ruvannu	"niivu guruvannu nooḍtiiri." "you all see the guru."
-u ⇒ -annu	"avaḷu baalannu esitaaḷe." "she throws the ball."
-[ie] ⇒ [ie]yannu	"naanu naayiyannu nooḍtiini." "i see the dog."

negative nonpast	present definite	past
-[iu] ⇒ -alla: iru ⇒ iralla "will not be"	iru ⇒ illa "is not now"	iru ⇒ irlilla "was not"

positive nonpast						present definite
baru "come"		naḍi "walk"		iru "is/will be"		iru "is right now"
bartiini	bartiivi	naḍitiini	naḍitiivi	irtiini	irtiivi	iddiini	iddiivi
bartiiya	bartiiri	naḍitiiya	naḍitiiri	irtiiya	irtiiri	iddiiya	iddiiri
bartaane	bartaare	naḍitaane	naḍitaare	irtaane	irtaare	iddaane	iddaare
bartaaḷe		naḍitaaḷe		irtaaḷe		iddaaḷe
baratte	baratve	naḍiyatte	naḍiyatve	iratte	iratve	ide	ive

positive past tense
baru "came"		naḍi "walked"		iru "was"
bande	bandvi	naḍade	naḍadvi	idde	iddvi
bande	bandri	naḍade	naḍadri	idde	iddri
banda	bandru	naḍada	naḍadru	idda	iddru
bandlu		naḍadlu		iddlu
bantu	bandvu	naḍitu	naḍidvu	ittu	iddvu

verbs

comes	is coming	has come	has been coming
bande	bartaa idde	bandidde	bartaa irtidde
bartiini	bartaa iddiini	bandiddiini	bartaa irtiini
bartiini	barova[nḷ]u iddini	bandirtiini	barova[nḷ]u aagirtiini
aade	aagtaa idde	aagidde	aagtaa irtidde
aagtiini	aagtaa iddiini	aagidiini	aagtaa irtiini
aagtiini	aagova[nḷ]u iddini	aagirtiini	aagova[nḷ]u aagirtiini
naḍide	naḍiitaa idde	naḍididde	naḍiitaa irtidde
naḍitiini	naḍiitaa iddiini	naḍididdiini	naḍiitaa irtiini
naḍitiini	naḍiyava[nḷ]u iddini	naḍidirtiini	naḍiyava[nḷ]u aagirtiini
barlilla	bartaa irlilla	bandirlilla	bartaa irtililla
baralla	bartaa illa	bandilla	bartaa iralla
baralla	barova[nḷ]alla	bandiralla	barova[nḷ]u aagiralla

verbs arrive at seeru seerde seeridde be born huṭṭu huṭṭde huṭṭidde become aagu aade aagidde break oḍi oḍide oḍididde bring taru tande tandidde call kuugu kuugde kuugidde carry horu hotte hottidde XXXXXXXX cook (spec) beeysu beeysde beeysidde cut kaḍi kaḍide kaḍididde die saayu satte sattidde XXXXXXXXX do maaḍu maaḍde maaḍidde drink kuḍi kuḍde kuḍididde drive ooḍsu ooḍsde ooḍsidde dry oṇagisu oṇagisde oṇagisidde eat tinnu tinde tindidde fill tumbu tumbde tumbidde fly haaru haarde haaridde forget mari marte martidde get up eeḷu edde eddidde XXXXXXX go hoogu hoode hoogidde XXXXXX is iru idde irtidde XXXXXXXX know tiḷi tiḷide tiḷididde learn kali kalte kaltidde listen, ask keeḷu keeḷde keeḷtidde live baaḷu baaḷde baaḷtidde lose soolu soote sootidde open tegi tegide tegididde place iḍu iṭṭe iḍtidde pull eḷi eḷde eḷdidde push nuuku nuukde nuuktidde put (in/on) haaku haakde haaktidde read oodu oodde oodtidde run ooḍu ooḍde ooḍtidde see nooḍu nooḍde nooḍtidde shut muccu muccde muccidde sit kuuḍu kuute kuutidde sleep malagu malagde malagidde stand nillu ninte nintidde start to go horḍu horṭe horṭidde talk maataaḍu maataaḍde maataaḍtidde tell heeḷu heeḷde heeḷtidde touch muṭṭu muṭṭde muṭṭtidde walk naḍi naḍde naḍdidde wash toḷi toḷde toḷdidde win gellu gedde geddidde write bari barde bardidde

adjectives a little/few swalpa a lot of/many tumba bad keṭṭa big doḍḍa clean ṡuddha cold taṇṇane difficult kaṣṭavaada dirty koḷku good oḷḷe happy kuṡi high ettara hot bisi long udda low taggu new hosa old haḷe rough oraṭu sad beejaaru short giḍḍa small cikka soft naya thick dappa thin teḷḷage wide agla adjective modifiers not very swalpa very tumba verb modifiers poorly quickly beega slowly nidaana well